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Primary sourceDocument9 August 1814

Treaty of Fort Jackson

Andrew Jackson · 9 August 1814

The 1814 treaty Andrew Jackson dictated to the Creek Nation after the Creek War, forcing the surrender of about 23 million acres of land.

As the U.S. general who defeated the Creek, Jackson dictated this treaty's harsh terms, foreshadowing his later removal policies.

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Map of the southeastern United States showing states AL, MS, GA, SC, LA, and FL in gray, with a highlighted orange region in central Alabama and southwestern Georgia labeled land ceded by Treaty of Fort Jackson, 1814.
Treaty of Fort Jackson, 9 August 1814. Map of ceded Creek land.

About this source

What it is

This treaty was signed on August 9, 1814, at Fort Jackson near Wetumpka, Alabama, after General Andrew Jackson's forces defeated the Red Stick Creek resistance at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend. It forced the Creek Nation to cede about 23 million acres of land to the United States.

Why it matters

Jackson led the U.S. forces, allied with some Cherokee and Lower Creek groups, to victory, then dictated harsh terms that stripped land even from Creek allies who had fought alongside the Americans. The treaty's huge land cession opened the way for Jackson's later military successes, including his famous victory at New Orleans, and boosted the popularity that helped him become president.

Look closer

  • Why might Jackson have taken land even from Creek who had fought on the American side?
  • How does the treaty's wording describe the Creek Nation, and what does that reveal about the attitudes behind it?
  • What does the map of ceded land show about the scale of this treaty's impact?

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