A Letter Concerning Toleration

What it is

A Letter Concerning Toleration was written in Latin by John Locke during the winter of 1685-86, while he lived in exile in the Netherlands, and addressed to the scholar Philipp van Limborch. It was published in English translation in 1689 without Locke's knowledge.

Why it matters

Written amid religious conflict in Europe, the Letter argues that the state should not use force in matters of religion and that churches are voluntary communities, not instruments of political power. It became a key text for the later separation of church and state, and reveals how Locke's own experience of exile and religious strife shaped his thinking.

Look closer

• Why might Locke have written the letter in Latin and addressed it to one specific person?
• What groups does Locke discuss as possible exceptions to toleration, and why?
• How does living in a country known for religious tolerance seem to have influenced Locke's argument?